Globally, there are over 1 billion 5G connections across the fifth-generation of wireless communication standards, including the 5G standalone (SA) version. While most of these 5G connections are supported by 5G non-standalone (NSA) networks that rely on 4G LTE networks to operate, wireless carriers are increasingly deploying 5G standalone (SA) technology, which is considered “true” 5G. Ultimately, 5G SA will drive new use cases and unlock the advanced capabilities of 5G.
5G standalone (SA) is an implementation of 5G that solely uses a 5G core network, meaning it has no dependency on 4G LTE network control functions, for signaling and data transfer. At-scale, 5G SA will deliver lower costs for wireless carriers, a better user experience, and support new use cases.
Dgtl Infra provides an in-depth overview of 5G standalone (SA), including what it is, its architecture, and its key differences from 5G non-standalone (NSA). Additionally, we detail the deployments and commercial launches of 5G SA made by U.S. wireless carriers T-Mobile, Verizon, AT&T, and DISH Network. Finally, Dgtl Infra explains the key benefits and use cases for 5G SA.
G Standalone (sa): What Is It? And How Does It Work?
5G standalone (SA) is a new mobile network architecture that is not dependent on existing 4G infrastructure to facilitate communications. Instead, 5G SA networks are built with 5G infrastructure across both the radio access network (RAN) and the core network, coupled with cloud-native principles, such as virtualization, containers, container orchestration, and microservices. In turn, 5G SA networks are more flexible, scalable, and efficient in their use of network resources, which leads to a better end user experience for consumers and lower costs for wireless carriers.
The major difference between 5G standalone (SA) and non-standalone (NSA) is in the core network. Specifically, 5G NSA involves laying the 5G RAN over an existing 4G LTE network, whereas 5G SA requires a new 5G packet core network.
Below are further details on both the 5G SA and NSA architectures, in order to better compare and contrast these two implementations of 5G:
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5G standalone (SA) is a completely new mobile network architecture. It enables all of the capabilities of 5G, given that it is not dependent on any existing 4G LTE infrastructure.
5G SA involves a new 5G packet core architecture, which means that 5G services can be deployed without pre-existing 4G LTE equipment in the network. In 5G SA architecture, the 5G RAN and its New Radio (NR) interface, consisting of gNodeB (gNB) macro cell base stations, is connected to the 5G packet core network and operates as a “standalone” entity.
In 5G SA, the 5G core network provides the control plane signaling, while the 5G radio access network (RAN) provides the user (or data) plane, meaning the transfer of data traffic between a user’s device and the network. Therefore, this architecture removes any dependency on the 4G LTE core and radio network.
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Additionally, the 5G packet core architecture offers many new, natively built-in network functions and capabilities within those functions. For example, these new capabilities include: network slicing, control and user plane separation (CUPS), virtualization, automation, multi-gigabit per second (Gbps) support, and ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC). As a result, the 5G core network is designed to make full use of the added capacity (throughput) and reduced latency that the new 5G radio (NR) can provide.
5G non-standalone (NSA) is the first version of 5G network architecture, considered to be a “steppingstone” to the “true” 5G network that is 5G standalone (SA). As the name suggests, 5G NSA is not “standalone”, meaning it is designed to be deployed on top of existing 4G LTE network infrastructure.
5G NSA enables the 5G RAN and its New Radio (NR) interface to be deployed and to connect to a 4G LTE network, meaning 4G radio access for control plane signaling and an evolved packet core (EPC) network. Importantly, in this architecture, the 5G radio (NR) cannot connect to the 4G LTE control plane core network on its own. Instead, the 5G radio depends on the 4G LTE eNodeB (eNB) macro cell base station for all control plane signaling. While the 5G radio (NR) is utilized for the user (or data) plane.
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Globally, 5G NSA has been primarily used by wireless carriers to quickly and easily deliver 5G services to end users. With 5G NSA, wireless carriers have been able to offer introductory 5G services to their customers, while using this transitionary time to resolve any issues in the 5G RAN and, in parallel, maintain the stability of the rest of their 4G LTE network. For end users, the initial benefits of using 5G NSA have been better coverage and enhanced throughput over 4G LTE services.
In 5G SA, the core network is built using cloud-native principles, which refers to virtualization, containers, container orchestration (Kubernetes), and microservices. Wireless carriers are using one of the following three cloud delivery models for deploying their 5G SA core network:
The 5G SA core network is cloud-native and is designed as a service-based architecture (SBA), which is built with new capabilities like the network resource function (NRF). More specifically, NRF acts as a directory for all available network services, such that they can be easily located and accessed by customers.
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5G SA enhances and complements edge computing by allowing data processing and applications to run closer to the end user, at the edge of the network. Specifically, edge computing support facilitates the distribution of user (or data) plane functionality to break out traffic dynamically at the edge. This feature reduces latency and increases service reliability, leading to an improved end user experience.
Ultimately, 5G SA will enable new use cases, particularly for the Internet of Things (IoT), such as connected autonomous vehicles, which require ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) that can only be achieved at the edge.
Globally, 40 wireless carriers have deployed, launched, or soft-launched 5G standalone (SA) in public networks. This progress compares to a total of 245 wireless carriers that have launched or soft-launched commercial 5G networks, implying ~16% of 5G-focused wireless carriers have made the shift to 5G SA.
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Geographically, these launches include wireless carriers in the United States, China, Canada, Brazil, Australia, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines, Taiwan, India, United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, Finland, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and Kuwait. While wireless carriers from even more countries have trialed 5G SA.
Focusing on the United States, T-Mobile, Verizon, AT&T, and DISH Network have all made progress deploying 5G SA, albeit to varying degrees.
T-Mobile has deployed a nationwide 5G standalone (SA) core network on its low-band 600 MHz spectrum (marketed as Extended Range 5G) and mid-band 2.5 GHz spectrum (marketed as Ultra Capacity 5G). With more of its network traffic migrating to 5G SA, T-Mobile’s spectral efficiency will significantly increase.
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Additionally, T-Mobile has partnered with Cisco to launch a cloud-native 5G core gateway, where T-Mobile has moved all of its 5G and 4G traffic. By moving its traffic to the cloud-native core gateway, T-Mobile is immediately delivering more than a 10% improvement in both speeds and latency (more responsiveness) for its customers nationwide.
T-Mobile’s 5G core architecture is based on Cisco’s cloud-native control plane, optimized with Kubernetes-orchestrated containers on bare metal, freeing up over 20% of the CPU (Central Processing Unit) cores.
T-Mobile has launched commercial Voice over New Radio (VoNR) service, using Nokia’s radio and core equipment and Samsung’s Galaxy devices (S21 and S22). Geographically, T-Mobile has lit-up these commercial VoNR services in six cities: Cincinnati, Ohio; New Orleans, Louisiana; New York City, New York; Portland, Oregon; Salt Lake City, Utah; and Seattle, Washington. Notably, T-Mobile was the first wireless carrier in the United States to offer commercial VoNR service for 5G SA.
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Beyond this initial launch, T-Mobile has been slowly deploying VoNR across the country and plans to cover 100 million people with VoNR in the coming months.
Note: Voice over New Radio (VoNR) is an important 5G standalone (SA) use case, which is explained in further detail in the final section of this article.
Verizon has begun moving customer traffic onto its cloud-native, containerized 5G standalone (SA) core network. The service-based architecture (SBA) of the 5G SA core is built on Verizon Cloud Platform (VCP) and consists of software applications, compute resources, networking, and storage. While Verizon’s 5G SA core network already supports VoNR services, the company has not disclosed its plans for launching commercial VoNR service.
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AT&T has started deploying its 5G standalone (SA) core network. However, the company has not begun moving customer traffic onto its 5G SA core, and does not intend to do so, until the smartphone and tablet market matures. Specifically, AT&T has cited battery life as the primary concern for devices constantly connected to 5G SA. Therefore, only when smartphones and tablets become more power-efficient will AT&T begin moving customer traffic onto its 5G SA core.
AT&T’s cloud-native approach to its 5G SA core network is centered on a partnership with Microsoft Azure. Over the next few years, AT&T will move its 5G mobile network to the Microsoft cloud, with its mobile network traffic being managed using Microsoft Azure technologies.
DISH Network is building the nation’s first cloud-native, Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) based 5G standalone (SA) network. To-date, DISH has started construction on over 15, 000
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