If you are tired of calling the plumber again, here I’d like to recommend this popular DUO DEEP CUP STRAINER to you.
As you can see in the central picture above, this strainer comes with all the necessary assembly parts. You might need to take some steps to install it, but it will be worth doing this.
You can easily purchase the Duo Deep Cup Sink Strainer in any hardware store, local plumbing store or DIY chain store such as Home Depot, Lowes, Walmart, or directly order it at Amazon.
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Don’t worry whether the strainer can fit your sink drain or not. The standard drain opening size is 3-1/2”, and some are 4”. This deep cup strainer can cover from 3-1/2” to 4” drain openings. If you are still concerned about the size, measure the diameter of your sink drain opening like below.
Sometimes, the product descriptions on the package or website are so confusing. It says that the strainer is for 3.5 inch – 4 inch diameter drain opening. But why the description of some strainers is 4.5 inch?
Actually, 3.5 inch and 4.5 inch are for the same product, but indicating different parts. Please check the drawing below. The size 4-1/2” is the top diameter of the strainer. However, the 3-1/2” means that this product is to fit the 3-1/2” opening on your sink. The part (B) will be put through your sink. The dimension is 3-5/16”, so that it can be put into a 3-1/2” hole on your sink.
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It has a 4-1/2” top diameter, and the body of the interior cup, which will go through the 3-1/2” sink hole, is 3-5/16” (about 84mm) in diamter. The thickness is usually 0.6 to 0.7mm, and the assembly total height is about 3-7/8” (99mm). The height of the interior cup is 1-15/16” (about 48.5mm). The threaded shank is 1-3/4” (44mm). The unit weight is about 348g.A sinkhole is a depression or hole in the ground caused by some form of collapse of the surface layer. The term is sometimes used to refer to doline, closed depressions that are also known as shakeholes, and to opings where surface water ters into underground passages known as ponor, swallow hole or swallet.
Sink and stream sink are more geral terms for sites that drain surface water, possibly by infiltration into sedimt or crumbled rock.
Sinkholes are usually circular and vary in size from ts to hundreds of meters both in diameter and depth, and vary in form from soil-lined bowls to bedrock-edged chasms. Sinkholes may form gradually or suddly, and are found worldwide.
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Sinkholes may capture surface drainage from running or standing water, but may also form in high and dry places in specific locations. Sinkholes that capture drainage can hold it in large limestone caves. These caves may drain into tributaries of larger rivers.
Or gradual removal of slightly soluble bedrock (such as limestone) by percolating water, the collapse of a cave roof, or a lowering of the water table.
For example, groundwater may dissolve the carbonate cemt holding the sandstone particles together and th carry away the lax particles, gradually forming a void.
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Occasionally a sinkhole may exhibit a visible oping into a cave below. In the case of exceptionally large sinkholes, such as the Minyé sinkhole in Papua New Guinea or Cedar Sink at Mammoth Cave National Park in Ktucky, an underground stream or river may be visible across its bottom flowing from one side to the other.
Sinkholes are common where the rock below the land surface is limestone or other carbonate rock, salt beds, or in other soluble rocks, such as gypsum,
As the rock dissolves, spaces and caverns develop underground. These sinkholes can be dramatic, because the surface land usually stays intact until there is not ough support. Th, a sudd collapse of the land surface can occur.
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On 2 July 2015, scitists reported that active pits, related to sinkhole collapses and possibly associated with outbursts, were found on the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimko by the Rosetta space probe.
Collapses, commonly incorrectly labeled as sinkholes, also occur due to human activity, such as the collapse of abandoned mines and salt cavern storage in salt domes in places like Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas, in the United States of America. More commonly, collapses occur in urban areas due to water main breaks or sewer collapses wh old pipes give way. They can also occur from the overpumping and extraction of groundwater and subsurface fluids.
Sinkholes can also form wh natural water-drainage patterns are changed and new water-diversion systems are developed. Some sinkholes form wh the land surface is changed, such as wh industrial and runoff-storage ponds are created; the substantial weight of the new material can trigger a collapse of the roof of an existing void or cavity in the subsurface, resulting in developmt of a sinkhole.
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Solution or dissolution sinkholes form where water dissolves limestone under a soil covering. Dissolution larges natural opings in the rock such as joints, fractures, and bedding planes. Soil settles down into the larged opings forming a small depression at the ground surface.
Cover-collapse sinkholes or dropouts form where so much soil settles down into voids in the limestone that the ground surface collapses. The surface collapses may occur abruptly and cause catastrophic damages. New sinkhole collapses can also form wh human activity changes the natural water-drainage patterns in karst areas.
The U.S. Geological Survey notes that It is a frighting thought to imagine the ground below your feet or house suddly collapsing and forming a big hole in the ground.
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Human activities can accelerate collapses of karst sinkholes, causing collapse within a few years that would normally evolve over thousands of years under natural conditions.
Soil-collapse sinkholes, which are characterized by the collapse of cavities in soil that have developed where soil falls down into underlying rock cavities, pose the most serious hazards to life and property. Fluctuation of the water level accelerates this collapse process. Wh water rises up through fissures in the rock, it reduces soil cohesion. Later, as the water level moves downward, the softed soil seeps downwards into rock cavities. Flowing water in karst conduits carries the soil away, prevting soil from accumulating in rock cavities and allowing the collapse process to continue.
Induced sinkholes occur where human activity alters how surface water recharges groundwater. Many human-induced sinkholes occur where natural diffused recharge is disturbed and surface water becomes conctrated. Activities that can accelerate sinkhole collapses include timber removal, ditching, laying pipelines, sewers, water lines, storm drains, and drilling. These activities can increase the downward movemt of water beyond the natural rate of groundwater recharge.
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Some induced sinkholes are preceded by warning signs, such as cracks, sagging, jammed doors, or cracking noises, but others develop with little or no warning.
However, karst developmt is well understood, and proper site characterization can avoid karst disasters. Thus most sinkhole disasters are predictable and prevtable rather than “acts of God”.
The American Society of Civil gineers has declared that the pottial for sinkhole collapse must be a part of land-use planning in karst areas. Where sinkhole collapse of structures could cause loss of life, the public should be made aware of the risks.
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The most likely locations for sinkhole collapse are areas where there is already a high dsity of existing sinkholes. Their presce shows that the subsurface contains a cave system or other unstable voids.
Since water level changes accelerate sinkhole collapse, measures must be tak to minimize water level changes. The areas most susceptible to sinkhole collapse can be idtified and avoided.
In karst areas the traditional foundation evaluations (bearing capacity and settlemt) of the ability of soil to support a structure must be supplemted by geotechnical site investigation for cavities and defects in the underlying rock.
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Since the soil/rock surface in karst areas are very irregular the number of subsurface samples (borings and core samples) required per unit area is usually much greater than in non-karst areas.
In 2015, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated the cost for repairs of damage arising from karst-related processes as at least $300 million per year over the preceding 15 years, but noted that this may be a gross underestimate based on inadequate data.
The largest rect sinkhole in the USA is possibly one that formed in 1972 in Montevallo, Alabama as a result of man-made lowering of the water level in a nearby rock quarry. This December Giant or Golly Hole sinkhole measures 130 m (425 ft) long, 105 m (350 ft) wide and 45 m (150 ft) deep.
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Other areas of significant karst hazards include the Ebro Basin in northern Spain; the island of Sardinia; the Italian pinsula; the Chalk areas in southern gland; Sichuan, China; Jamaica; France;
The tire surface water flow of the Alapaha River near Jnings, Florida goes into a sinkhole leading to the Floridan Aquifer groundwater
Karst landscapes can have up to thousands of sinkholes within a small area, giving the landscape a pock-marked appearance. These sinkholes drain all the water, so there are only subterranean rivers in these areas. Examples of karst landscapes with numerous massive sinkholes include Khammouan Mountains (Laos) and Mamo Plateau (Papua New Guinea).
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Some sinkholes form in thick layers of homogeous limestone. Their formation
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